Austin Texas, Stany Zjednoczone

Austin, miasto, stolica Teksasu, USA i siedziba (1840) hrabstwa Travis. Znajduje się w punkcie, w którym rzeka Kolorado przecina skarpę Balcones w południowo-środkowej części stanu, około 130 km na północny wschód od San Antonio. Obszar metropolitalny Austin obejmuje powiaty Hays, Williamson, Bastrop i Caldwell, w tym miasta Round Rock i San Marcos. Inc. 1874. Pop. (2000) 656,562; Austin – Round Rock Metro Area, 1 249 763; (2010) 790,390; Austin – Round Rock Metro Area, 1 776 289.

Kartkówka

Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki: fakt czy fikcja?

Naród wyspiarski Samoa Amerykańskiego ma własną konstytucję odrębną od konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych.

Historia

Czwarte co do wielkości miasto stanu, Austin, powstało jako wioska nad rzeką Waterloo, w regionie polowań na bawoły zajmowanym przez ludy Tonkawa i Comanche. W 1839 roku został wybrany przez skautów jako miejsce stałej stolicy Republiki Teksasu i przemianowany na cześć Stephena F. Austina, ojca republiki. Do 1840 r. Została włączona Austin z 856 mieszkańcami. Gdy inwazja meksykańska zagroziła Teksasowi w 1842 r., Rząd przeprowadził się do Houston, ale mieszkańcy miasta, zdeterminowani, by utrzymać stolicę Austin, zorganizowali tak zwaną wojnę archiwalną, siłą zachowując akta rządowe. Rząd powrócił do Austin w 1845 roku, w którym Teksas został przyjęty do Stanów Zjednoczonych. Różowy granit Austin State Capitol (1888), wzorowany na Kapitolu USA, zastąpił wcześniejszą strukturę (spalony w 1881 roku).

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The city flourished as a trading centre for ranchers and farmers after the arrival of the Houston and Texas Central Railroad and the construction of a permanent bridge across the Colorado River in 1871. A flood in 1900 caused widespread destruction, including the collapse of the bridge. With the harnessing of the river for flood control and power in the early 20th century, industry began to develop. Austin experienced dramatic growth during the 1990s, fueled mainly by high-technology industries.

The contemporary city

Business, research and development, and manufacturing concerns involving computers, computer equipment, semiconductors, telecommunications, software, and biotechnology are among the city’s major employers. Government, education, and health care services are also primary economic factors. Railroads play an important role in trade, with most international cargo traveling to international ports by rail. Austin-Bergstrom International Airport opened in 1999 on the site of a former U.S. Air Force base.

The city’s population is ethnically diverse. Less than half of its people are of European descent, more than one-third of the population is Hispanic, and African Americans and Asian Americans each constitute slightly less than one-tenth of the population. Austin’s educational resources, particularly the University of Texas (1881), which has its main campus there, have contributed to growth. Other educational institutions include Huston-Tillotson College (1875), St. Edward’s University (1885), Concordia University at Austin (1926), and Austin Community College (1972).

At dusk, portions of the central city are lighted by “artificial moonlight” from mercury vapour lamps atop 17 165-foot (50-metre) tall towers (erected in 1894). The O. Henry Home and Museum is housed in what was O. Henry’s residence from 1893 to 1895, and the Elisabet Ney Museum, situated in her former studio, houses a collection of Ney’s sculptures; Ney created many life-size figures, including those of Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston standing in the national and state capitols. The French Legation Museum (1841) was built by French chargé d’affaires Alphonse Dubois de Saligny, who was to represent the French government in the Republic of Texas; if he occupied the house at all, it was probably for a very short period. The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum (1971), situated on the campus of the University of Texas, contains archives, documents, and memorabilia of Johnson’s public career. The Bob Bullock Texas State History Museum (2001) showcases exhibits on the state’s history. The Jack S. Blanton Museum of Art, on the university campus, has a notable collection of Latin American art. Other facilities include the Austin Museum of Art, the Mexic-Arte Museum, and the Umlauf Sculpture Garden & Museum. The city supports an array of cultural organizations including a professional symphony orchestra, an opera company, and a ballet troupe, as well as a variety of art galleries and theatre groups.

Austin is known for its vibrant music scene. Formerly a centre of country and blues music, it now celebrates a variety of genres including rock, folk, jazz, and Latino music. More than 100 live music venues are centred primarily around the Warehouse District and Sixth Street, and a long-running public television series, Austin City Limits, showcases musical talent. Dozens of local recording studios and record labels make significant economic contributions. The South by Southwest Conference, devoted to music, film, and interactive media, is held each year in March. The city is also a favourite moviemaking location, and it is home to many artists associated with music and film.

Annual festivals celebrate the ethnic groups that have contributed to the city’s culture, such as Mexicans, African Americans, Germans, and French. The Star of Texas Fair and Rodeo is held each spring. Austin’s Congress Avenue Bridge is renowned for its population of Mexican free-tailed bats; sightseers are attracted to the hundreds of thousands of bats that fly from their roosts on summer nights. Mount Bonnell, at 785 feet (239 metres), is one of the city’s highest points and features a 99-step climb to the top. Zilker Park extends along the river and is the site of a nature centre, botanical gardens, and Barton Springs, a natural swimming pool. McKinney Falls State Park is in the southern part of the city.

The Hill Country west of Austin, dotted with charming small towns that were originally settled by mostly central European immigrants in the 19th century, is a recreational region with the chain of Highland Lakes (including Town Lake and Lake Austin, which wind through the city) impounded by dams along the Colorado River. Unusual rock outcrops, caverns, and springs are found in the area.